All posts onKubernetes

From time to time I use kind as a local Kubernetes playground. It's super-handy, real quick, and 100% disposable.

It just so happened that virtually all the scenarios I've been testing so far were based on publicly available images. But recently I found myself in a situation when I needed to run a pod with a container image that I've just built on my laptop.

One way of doing it would be pushing the image to a local or remote registry accessible from inside the kind Kubernetes cluster. However, kind still doesn't spin up a local registry out of the box (you can vote for the GitHub issue here) and I'm not a fan of sending stuff over the Internet without very good reasons.

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I've been using Kubernetes for almost a year now and, to be honest, I like the experience so far. Most of my use cases were rather trivial and thanks to its declarative approach, Kubernetes makes deploying and scaling stateless services pretty simple. I usually just describe my application in a YAML file as a set of interconnected services, feed it to Kubernetes, and let the built-in control loops bring the state of the cluster closer to the desired state by creating or destroying some resources for me automagically.

However, many times I've heard that the real power of Kubernetes comes with its extensibility. Kubernetes designed for automation. It brings a lot of useful automation out of the box. But it also provides extension points that can be used to customize Kubernetes capabilities. The cleverness of the Kubernetes design is that it encourages you to keep the extensions feel native! So when I stumbled upon the first few Kubernetes Operators on my Ops way, I could not even recognize that I'm dealing with custom logic...

In this article, I'll try to take a closer look at the Operators pattern, see which Kubernetes parts are involved in operators implementation, and what makes operators feel like first-class Kubernetes citizens. Of course, with as many pictures as possible.

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Before jumping to any Kubernetes specifics, let's talk about the service discovery problem in general.

What is Service Discovery

In the world of web service development, it's a common practice to run multiple copies of a service at the same time. Every such copy is a separate instance of the service represented by a network endpoint (i.e. some IP and port) exposing the service API. Traditionally, virtual or physical machines have been used to host such endpoints, with the shift towards containers in more recent times. Having multiple instances of the service running simultaneously increases its availability and helps to adjust the service capacity to meet the traffic demand. On the other hand, it also complicates the overall setup - before accessing the service, a client (the term client is intentionally used loosely here; oftentimes a client of some service is another service) needs to figure out the actual IP address and the port it should use. The situation becomes even more tricky if we add the ephemeral nature of instances to the equation. New instances come and existing instances go because of the non-zero failure rate, up- and downscaling, or maintenance. That's how a so-called service discovery problem arises.

Service discovery problem.

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When I'm diving into a new codebase, I always start from the project structure analysis. And my favorite tool is tree. However, not every project is perfectly balanced. Some files and folders tend to be more popular and contain much more code than others. Seems like yet another incarnation of the Pareto principle.

So, when the tree's capabilities aren't enough, I jump to cloc. This tool is much more powerful and can show nice textual statistics for the number of code lines and programming languages used per the whole project or per each file individually.

However, some projects are really huge and some lovely visualization would be truly helpful! And here the FlameGraph goes! What if we feed the cloc's output for the Kubernetes codebase to FlameGraph? Thanks to the author of this article for the original cloc-to-flamegraph one-liner:

git clone https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph
go get -d github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes

cd $(go env GOPATH)/src/github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes

cloc --csv-delimiter="$(printf '\t')" --by-file --quiet --csv . | \
    sed '1,2d' | \
    cut -f 2,5 | \
    sed 's/\//;/g' | \
    ~/FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl \
        --width=3600 \
        --height=32 \
        --fontsize=8 \
        --countname=lines \
        --nametype=package \
    > kubernetes.html

open kubernetes.html

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